ABSTRACT
Introduction : Acute gastroenteritis is a typical disorder that accounts for 8-12% of pediatric outpatient visits. Campylobacter and Salmonella infections account for about 8.4% and 11% of global diarrhea cases. Due to the importance of these bacteria in pediatric diseases, the aim of this study was to determine the infectious rate of Salmonella and Campylobacter species and also the frequency of the gene encoding Cytholethal distending toxin in children with community-acquired diarrhea. Materials and Methods: Stool samples of children under 5 years of age with diarrhea were collected. The samples were related to children referred to hospitals in Hamadan, Ardabil, Bandar Abbas and two hospitals in Tehran. DNA was extracted from the samples using a DNA extraction kit from stool. The presence of Campylobacter in the studied samples was detected by polymerase chain reaction using specific primers. A control stool sample was spiked with 10-fold dilution of C. jejuni suspension for LOD (detection limit determination) measurement. Results: In this study, PCR results showed a LOD of 100 CFU per gram in the spiked feces sample. Accordingly, out of 144 fecal samples of children with acute diarrhea, one case was positive for Campylobacter jejuni;this sample was also positive for the presence of cdtB gene. Presence of Salmonella was confirmed in two samples of the patients (1.4%). Conclusion: Low prevalence of Campylobacter and Salmonella was detected in symptomatic children under 5 years of age during the Covid-19 pandemic. Examination of these samples for viruses and other microbial agents can clarify the etiology of diarrhea in children referred to the hospitals.
ABSTRACT
Persistence of a long-term positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test in patients with severe coronavirus-associated respiratory syndrome may interfere with the diagnosis of reinfections, causing false positives of the disease, with the potential implications to determine the need for isolation and, consequently, for Public Health. In these field notes we present the experience of a patient with positive PCR of eight months of evolution to which an erroneous diagnosis of COVID-19 reinfection was made due to a gastrointestinal disease, resulting in a Campylobacter jejuni infection.
ABSTRACT
Today, pets are the source of numerous infectious diseases that can be transmitted to humans, as a result of their increasingly frequent contact. The most important viruses with zoonotic potential include rabies and influenza viruses as well as rotaviruses and noroviruses. However, the importance of individual viruses varies depending on the climate and infectious disease control systems in certain countries. Dogs, cats, and other increasingly popular types of pets can transmit bacterial zoonotic agents to humans in various ways. In addition to known pathogens such as the bacteria causing leptospirosis, salmonellosis, campylobacteriosis, or brucellosis, the bacteria Pasteurella multocida and Bartonella henselae transmitted by bites or scratches are also significant in human pathology. There has been a significant increase in the prevalence of methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus in isolates originating from pets and the transmission of these strains between humans and animals requires special attention. Furthermore, fungi causing diseases such as sporotrichosis or dermatophytosis are linked to long-term and persistent infections in humans. The epidemiological situation caused by SARS-CoV-2, and the assumption of an interspecies jump of this virus from animals to humans, including its documented presence in domestic cats, dogs, tigers, and martens, have raised the question of the possibility of virus transmission from pets to humans. However, the current pandemic is caused exclusively by SARS-CoV-2 transmission in the human population, and these animals are not a source of infection for humans. A significant number of zoonoses originating from pets is a threat to public health, thus requiring the "One Health" approach through close cooperation between human and veterinary medicine to develop and implement effective health measures for both humans and animals. As part of responsible ownership, pet owners must be informed by veterinarians about measures to prevent infectious diseases and certain risks that are related to keeping certain species of animals.
ABSTRACT
Exotic pest and disease investigations are managed and reported by the Ministry for Primary Industries' (MPI's) Diagnostic and Surveillance Directorate. This article presents a summary of investigations of suspect exotic and emerging pests and diseases in New Zealand during the period from July to September 2021.
ABSTRACT
Campylobacteriosis is one of the most well-characterized bacterial foodborne infections worldwide, the species are the most common zoonotic pathogens. Chicken and chicken products are known to be the major sources of Campylobacter infection in humans. Campylobacter species represent one of the most common causes of bacterial diarrheal illness worldwide, it is the main cause of bacterial gastrointestinal infections occurring at any age, but it peaks in children and young adults. This study aims to investigate the presence and prevalence of Campylobacter bacteria in humans and chicken and aims for determination the extent of the contamination of this bacteria. The study involved two parts;the first part designed for isolation Campylobacter species from chickens which were alive, while the second part was about isolation Campylobacter species from human stool samples for different ages. The current study based on analysis of three hundred and fifty (350) stool samples taken from humans with different ages. The patients samples were collected from Al-Batool Teaching Hospital for Maternity and Pediatric, Baquba Teaching Hospital and Central Health Laboratories in Diyala, these patients were had vary clinical aspects like : (diarrhea, Fever, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and cramp, fatigue and muscle pain). On the other hand, one hundred seventy five (175) stool samples of chicken which they apparently had diarrhea were collected randomly from different areas of Diyala Governorate. The collection of both humans and chicken samples were during 2020 - 2021. The analysis of 350 samples of patients their ages ranged from 3 months to 59 years showed that the mean +or- SD of age was 24.5 +or- 14.3 years. The most predominant age group was 20-29 years (26.9%), while the lowest age group was 50-59 years (4.9%). Regarding the gender, 151 (43.1%) of the included patients were male and 199 (56.9%) were female. Patients included in the current study were collected from four districts of Diyala province. The highest collection rate was from Baquba district 217(62.0%), while the lowest collection rate was from Baladrooz district 18 (5.1%). the distribution of clinical signs and symptoms of included patients. Persistent diarrhea forming the predominance of signs 179 (51.1%), followed by watery diarrhea 55 (15.7%), while the least sign was vomiting 1(3%). Furthermore, 15 (4.3%) of patients showed all that signs and symptoms. The signs and symptoms were : diarrhea was found in 194 (55.4%) patients, followed by watery diarrhea in 77 (22.0%) patients. Fever was found in 30 (8.6%) patients. The least sign was nausea which was found in 15 (4.3%) patients. Abdominal pain and cramps were detected in 22 (6.3%) patients. Out of 350 stool specimens submitted for bacteriological culture, 62 (17.7%) were positive versus 288 (82.3%) were negative. Among the 62-culture positive, 13 specimens yield Campylobacter growth, so the campylobacter detection rate among human specimens was 3.7%. The isolated Campylobacter were as follow;11(3.1%) were Campylobacter jejuni, one (0.3%) was Campylobacter coli, one (0.3%) was undifferentiated campylobacter. On the other hand, 58 (16.6%) of the specimens yield bacterial growth other than Campylobacter, as follows: E. coli was detected in 28 (8.0%), Proteus Spp. was detected in 12 (3.4%), H. pylori was detected in 10 (2.9%) and Klebsiella Spp. was detected in 8 (2.3%). The remaining specimens 279 (79.7%) yield no growth. The results of the PCR technique revealed that 8 (2.38%) specimens were positive for Campylobacter, while the majority 335 (95.7%) were negative and 7(2.0%) of the specimens were not done. While the analysis of 175 chicken fecal samples taken from chickens were mainly suffering from diarrhea showed that the distribution of chickens according to their ages in days showed predominance was those 30-39 (40.6%) days old. It is clear that the majority of specimens (74.3%) were collected from Baquba districts. The results showed that specimens collected Al- Muqdadiya district farms had yielded the high